(5) INSTRUCTION OF DEWORMING & VACCINATION

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DEWORMING YOUR CATS

Although some dewarming medications are effective against more than one species of worms, there is no medication that is effective against them all. Accordingly, for a medication to be safe and effective, a precise diagnosis is required. It is also important that the medication be given precisely as directed. Natural side effects, such as diarrhea and vomiting, must be distinguished from toxic reactions. All dewormers are poisons-ideally, they are more poisonous to the parasites than they are to the hosts. For these reasons, it is advisable to deworm your cat only under veterinary supervision.

Deworming Kittens

A very large proportion of kittens are infested with ascarids. Other worms may be present, too. It is advisable to have your veterinarian check your kitten’s stool before treating her for ascarids. Otherwise, other worms and internal parasites, such as coccidia, may go undetected. Worm infestations are particularly harmful in kittens who are subjected to overfeeding, chilling, close confinement, or a sudden change in diet. Stressful conditions such as these should be corrected before administering a deworming agent. Do not deworm a kitten with diarrhea or other signs of illness, unless your veterinarian has determined that the illness is caused by an intestinal parasite. Kittens with ascarids should be dewormed at 2 to 3 weeks of age and again at 5 to 6 weeks. If eggs or worms are still found in the stool, subsequent treatment should be given. Due to public health considerations, many veterinarians recommend deworming kittens with a safe dewormer every month until 6 months of age.

Deworming Adult Cats

Most veterinarians recommend that adult cats be dewormed only when there is specific evidence of an infestation. A microscopic stool examination is the most effective way of making an exact diagnosis and choosing the best deworming agent. It is not advisable to deworm a cat who is suffering from some unexplained illness that is assumed to be caused by worms. All dewormers are poison-meant to poison the worm, but not the cat. Cats who are debilitated by another disease may be too weak to resist the toxic effects of the deworming agent. Cats of all ages, particularly those who hunt and roam freely, can be subject to periodic heavy worm infestations. These cats should be checked once or twice a year. If parasites are identified, they should be treated. It is reasonable to deworm outdoor cats routinely for ascarids and tapeworms, even without a positive stool sample. Many anthelmintics are safe for repeated use. Tapeworms segments may be seen frequently, and when discovered, they should be treated. Cats with tapeworms may need to be treated as often as four or five times a year.

How to Control Worms

The life cycles of most worms are such that the possibility of reinfestation is great. To keep worms under control, you must destroy the eggs or larvae before they reinfest the cat. This means good sanitation and maintaining clean, dry quarters for your cat. It also means controlling intermediate hosts, such as fleas and rodents. Stool and wet areas should be removed daily from the litter box. The litter box should be kept clean and dry and should be washed frequently with a solution of bleach and boiling water. Rinse thoroughly and dry completely before refilling with litter. A queen should have her stool checked before breeding. If parasites are found, she should receive a thorough deworming. This will not protect her kittens from all worm infestations, but it will decrease the frequency and severity of any parasite infestation. It will also help to put her in the best condition for a healthy pregnancy.

What Is the Procedure for Deworming a Cat?

It's pretty disgusting to think of worms living in your cat's gut. Worse than disgusting, though, worms can make your cat sick by preventing his body from absorbing nutrients. A regular worming program will help keep him healthy.

Worming Schedule

Until your kitty is about four months old, she'll need wormed every two weeks. Kittens pick up worms easily, they can be hard to get rid of and they can have serious health effects. Once your kitty starts growing up, she won't need wormed nearly as often. An outdoor cat that hunts and is exposed to fleas and ticks should be wormed every two to three months, while an indoor cat only needs to be wormed about every six months. Explain your cat's living situation to your vet for recommendations if you're not sure how often to worm your adult cat.

Pills

Worming medications that come in pill form aren't really ideal for cats because it's so hard to get a cat to take a pill. Unlike dogs, they aren't easily fooled by hiding a pill in food. If you have to use a pill worming medication, gently open your cat's mouth, place the pill at the back of her throat and then hold her mouth closed without blocking her nose. Stroke her throat to encourage her to swallow. If she spits the pill out, try again. It will probably take a couple tries to get the pill down. Cats are pretty smart when it comes to avoiding pills.

Spot Treatments

External spot treatments are a dream to give to cats, especially if you've already had to struggle to try and get your cat to swallow a pill or paste. Simply follow the manufacturer's instructions for application, which usually involves placing a few drops of solution on the fur between your cat's shoulder blades. The downside of spot treatments for worms is that they are usually more expensive than pills and pastes.

Safety Considerations

Only use worming medication designed specifically for cats. Even de-wormer made for dogs and puppies is too strong for your cat. If your cat is sick, elderly or extremely underweight, check with your vet before treating him. You might need to adjust the dosage or wait until he's a little healthier. Finally, double-check the manufacturer's instructions for kittens. Some de-wormers are made only for adult cats and can make young kittens very sick.

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VACCINATION

Cats Vaccines: Benefits and Risks

Deciding which vaccines your cat should receive requires that you have a complete understanding of the benefits and risks of the procedure. For this reason, it is extremely important that you discuss vaccination with your veterinarian so he or she can help you decide which vaccines are most appropriate. Be sure to inform your veterinarian of your cat's lifestyle, environment, medical history, current medical problems, and medications your cat may be receiving. Remember, your veterinarian is more than willing to answer any questions you may have and will help you make the right vaccine choices.

Why does my cat need to be vaccinated?

The immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining your cat's health. One of the most important functions of this complex system of specialised cells and molecules is to protect cats from disease and infection caused by viruses, bacteria, and a host of other microbes and parasites.

Vaccines help prepare your cat's immune system to fend off invasion by a particular disease-causing organism. Vaccines contain antigens, which to the immune system "look" like the organism but don't, ideally, cause disease. When a vaccine is administered, the immune system mounts a protective response. Then if your cat is subsequently exposed to the disease-causing organism, its immune system is prepared to either prevent infection or reduce the severity of disease.

Though vaccines play an important role in controlling infectious diseases, most do not induce complete protection from disease, nor do they induce the same degree of protection in all cats. For extra protection, you should make every effort to reduce your cat's exposure to infected cats or contaminated environments.

Why do kittens require a series of vaccinations?

During the first few hours after birth, kittens ingest maternal antibodies contained in their mother's milk. These antibodies help protect the kitten from infectious diseases until its own immune system is more mature.

Unfortunately, maternal antibody also interferes with a vaccine's ability to stimulate the kitten's immune system. To counteract this problem, veterinarians often administer a series of vaccines, usually beginning when the kitten is around six to eight weeks of age. Vaccination is then repeated at three- or four-week intervals until maternal antibody has waned, usually at around twelve weeks of age. In some cases (e.g., rabies vaccines) the initial vaccine is not given until maternal antibody has disappeared altogether.

Does my adult cat need to be vaccinated every year?

The answer depends in part on the vaccine. For example, certain feline rabies vaccines provide protection for longer than one year, so vaccination with a triennially approved rabies vaccine every three years (after the initial series is completed, and when consistent with local rabies vaccine requirements) is sufficient.

Recent research suggests that panleukopenia, rhinotracheitis, and calicivirus vaccines provide adequate protection for several years, so that many veterinarians are now recommending that this vaccine be boosted no more than once every three years.

Unfortunately, far less is known about the duration of protection provided by other vaccines. Until that information is known, annual vaccination with those products-when their administration is necessary-is a good idea

Are vaccines dangerous?

Not usually. Unfortunately, a perfect, risk-free vaccine does not exist. Vaccines are indispensable in fighting feline infectious disease. But as with any medical procedure, there is a small chance that reactions may develop as a result of vaccination. To maximise the benefits of vaccination while minimising the risks, it is important to vaccinate only against infectious agents to which your cat has a realistic risk of exposure, infection, and subsequent development of disease. Also, make sure to inform your veterinarian of any problems your cat is currently experiencing, medications your cat is receiving, or vaccine reactions experienced in the past before your cat is vaccinated again.

Reactions may be mild or (very rarely) severe

Mild Reactions

The following reactions are fairly common and usually start within hours to several days after vaccination. They typically last no more than a few days.

  • Discomfort at the site where the vaccine was given

  • Mild fever

  • Diminished appetite and activity

  • Sneezing about four to seven days after administration of an intranasal vaccine

  • Temporarily sore joints and lameness following calicivirus vaccination

  • Development of a small, firm, painless swelling under the skin at the site where the vaccine was given. The swelling usually goes away after several weeks, but if you notice such a swelling, contact your veterinarian.

  • Lameness, loss of appetite, and fever beginning approximately one to three weeks after Chlamydia psittaci vaccination.

Serious Reactions

These reactions occur very rarely:

  • A serious and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction within several minutes to an hour after vaccination

  • A tumor called a sarcoma developing at the vaccine site several weeks, months, or even longer following vaccination

What should I do if I think my cat is having a reaction to a vaccine?

By all means, consult your veterinarian. Even though vaccine-related disease is uncommon, the consequences can be serious. Your veterinarian is the person most qualified to advise you if adverse side effects occur.

What vaccines are currently available for my cat?

Panleukopenia: Feline panleukopenia (also called feline distemper) is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease. Signs include extreme listlessness and loss of appetite. Fever, vomiting, and diarrhea are frequently seen, but some cats die suddenly with few clinical signs. A high percentage of cats with panleukopenia-especially kittens-die from the infection. Feline panleukopenia virus is shed in the feces of an infected cat and can survive extremes of temperature and humidity for months to years. The virus is resistant to most available disinfectants.

Until recent years panleukopenia was the most serious infectious disease of cats, killing thousands every year. Thanks to the highly effective vaccines currently available, panleukopenia is now considered an uncommon disease. Immunity induced by panleukopenia vaccines is excellent, and most vaccinated cats are completely protected from infection and disease. Vaccination is recommended for all cats.

Feline Herpesvirus and Feline Calicivirus: Feline herpesvirus (the cause of feline viral rhinotracheitis) and feline calicivirus are estimated to be responsible for 80-90 percent of infectious feline upper respiratory tract diseases. Although usually not serious in adult cats, disease caused by these viruses may be severe-and sometimes fatal-in kittens. Sneezing, runny eyes, runny nose, and fever are the most typical signs of infection. In addition to upper respiratory tract disease, lameness and chronic oral inflammatory disease have been linked to calicivirus infection. Both viruses are shed in secretions from the nose, eyes, and mouth of infected cats. Cats become infected by direct exposure to infected individuals, either from sneezed droplets, or from contaminated objects such as food and water dishes.

Most cats are exposed to either or both of these viruses at some time during their lives, usually during kittenhood. Once infected, many cats never completely rid themselves of viruses. These carrier cats shed viruses either continuously or intermittently for long periods of time-perhaps for life-and serve as a major source of infection to other cats. Protection induced by the currently available vaccines minimizes the severity of disease, but does not prevent disease in all cats. Nonetheless, vaccination is recommended for all cats.

Rabies: Rabies is an increasing threat to cats. At present, the number of reported feline rabies cases in the United States far exceeds that of dogs and all other domestic animals. Rabies is routinely fatal and is a major public health concern. Because of the potential for human exposure, rabies vaccination is recommended for all cats and is required by law in many parts of the country.

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